A History of the Wheel of the Year
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The Wheel of the Year is an ancient concept that has been used by many cultures throughout history to mark the changing seasons and cycles of nature. Its origins can be traced back to prehistoric times when people relied on the cycles of the sun, moon, and stars to measure the passing of time. The ancient Celts, who inhabited much of Europe from the 8th century BCE to the 3rd century CE, were among the first to formalize this concept and develop the Sabbats, or seasonal festivals, that are still celebrated by modern pagans and Wiccans. In addition, the Wheel of the Year serves as a guide for individuals seeking alternative spiritual paths.
Celtic Fire Festivals
The earliest origins of the Wheel of the Year are from the four Celtic Fire Festivals. The Celts divided the year into two seasons, summer and winter, and marked the transition between these seasons with four Sabbats: Imbolc, Beltane, Lughnasadh, and Samhain. Imbolc, celebrated on February 1st, marked the beginning of spring and the start of the agricultural season. It was a time for purification and renewal, as well as a time to honor the goddess Brigid. Beltane, celebrated on May 1st, marked the halfway point between the spring equinox and the summer solstice and was associated with fertility and new growth. It was a time for feasting, dancing, and celebrating the union of the god and goddess. Lughnasadh, celebrated on August 1st, marked the beginning of the harvest season and was a time to give thanks for the bounty of the earth. It was also associated with the god Lugh, who was said to have sacrificed himself to ensure a good harvest. Samhain, celebrated on November 1st, marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter. It was a time to honor the dead and the thinning of the veil between the living and the dead.
Christianity & The Wheel of the Year
With the spread of Christianity throughout Europe, many of the old pagan traditions and beliefs were absorbed into the Christian faith. The Catholic Church introduced a new set of holidays, or holy days, that were based on the astronomical cycles of the sun and moon. These holy days were Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, and All Saints' Day. However, many of the old pagan customs and beliefs persisted, and the pagan festivals were adapted to fit the new Christian holidays. For example, Samhain became All Saints' Day, which was later renamed All Souls' Day. The night before All Souls' Day became known as All Hallows' Eve, or Halloween.
The Modern Wheel of the Year
In the 20th century, interest in pagan and earth-based spiritual practices began to grow, and many people began to rediscover and revive the old pagan traditions and beliefs, including the Wheel of the Year. Today, the Wheel of the Year is celebrated by modern pagans, Wiccans, and other earth-based spiritual practitioners, who have adapted and expanded the concept to include eight Sabbats, each marking a significant moment in the yearly cycle.
The eight Sabbats of the modern Wheel of the Year include Samhain, Yule, Imbolc, Ostara, Beltane, Litha, Lughnasadh, and Mabon. Samhain, celebrated on October 31st, is still associated with the thinning of the veil between the living and the dead and is a time to honor ancestors and departed loved ones. Yule, celebrated on the winter solstice, marks the shortest day and longest night of the year and is a time to celebrate the rebirth of the sun and the return of light. Imbolc, celebrated on February 2nd, marks the beginning of spring and is associated with purification, new beginnings, and the goddess Brigid. Ostara, celebrated on the spring equinox, is a time of balance between light and dark and is associated with fertility and growth. Beltane, celebrated on May 1st, is a time to celebrate the union of the god and goddess and the fertility of the earth. Litha, celebrated on the summer solstice, is the longest day of the year and is a time to honor the sun and the power of the god. Lughnasadh, celebrated on August 1st, marks the beginning of the harvest season and is a time to give thanks for the bounty of the earth. Mabon, celebrated on the fall equinox, is a time of balance between light and dark and is a time to give thanks for the abundance of the harvest and to prepare for the coming winter.
The Wheel of the Year is a cyclical concept that has been used by many cultures throughout history to mark the changing seasons and cycles of nature. Its origins can be traced back to prehistoric times when people relied on the cycles of the sun, moon, and stars to measure the passing of time. The ancient Celts developed the Sabbats, or seasonal festivals, that are still celebrated by modern pagans and Wiccans. With the spread of Christianity, many of the old pagan customs and beliefs were absorbed into the Christian faith. Today, the Wheel of the Year is celebrated by modern pagans, Wiccans, and other earth-based spiritual practitioners, who have adapted and expanded the concept to include eight Sabbats, each marking a significant moment in the yearly cycle. Celebrating the Wheel of the Year is a way to connect with nature, honor the changing seasons, and recognize the cycles of life, death, and rebirth that are an essential part of the natural world.
Recommended Reading
The Modern Witchcraft Guide to the Wheel of the Year: From Samhain to Yule, Your Guide to the Wiccan Holidays by Judy Ann Nock
The Modern Guide to Witchcraft: Your Complete Guide to Witches, Covens, and Spells by Skye Alexander
The Modern Witchcraft Spell Book: Your Complete Guide to Crafting and Casting Spells by Sky Alexander
A Guide to Besoms - The History of the Witch's Broom
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Besoms, also known as witches' brooms, are traditional tools used for sweeping and cleansing. They have a long history and have been associated with various rituals and practices, particularly in the realm of witchcraft and magick.
The word "besom" is derived from the Old English "besma," which means broom. Besoms were originally made from birch twigs, which were bound together with willow or hazel branches to form a handle. These natural materials were chosen for their durability and ability to sweep away dirt and debris.
Besoms have been used for centuries as tools for cleaning and purifying spaces. In ancient times, they were used to sweep away negative energy and protect homes from evil spirits. They were also used in rituals to purify and consecrate sacred spaces.
In many cultures, besoms were believed to have magical properties and were used as a tool for divination and communication with spirits. They were also often used in wedding ceremonies, where the bride and groom would jump over the besom as a symbol of their commitment to each other and their new home.
A History of Besoms
The association of besoms with witchcraft and magic can be traced back to the early modern period, when the persecution of witches was at its peak. During this time, besoms were often depicted as being used by witches to fly through the air and attend meetings with other witches, known as "sabbats." This portrayal of besoms in popular culture has persisted to this day and has contributed to the enduring association of besoms with witches and magick.
In modern times, besoms are still used for their traditional purposes, but they are also used as decorative items and as symbols of Wicca and other modern pagan traditions, including the Wheel of the Year. Many people who practice these traditions see the besom as a powerful tool for cleansing and purification, and they use it in rituals and ceremonies to connect with nature and the spiritual world.
How to Make a Besom
Making a besom is a fun and rewarding DIY project that allows you to create a unique and meaningful tool for your own rituals and practices. Here's how to make your own besom:
Materials:
Birch twigs
Willow or hazel branches
Twine or string
Scissors
Instructions:
Gather your materials. You will need a bundle of birch twigs and a couple of willow or hazel branches to make the handle. You can find these materials at a local park or forest, or you can purchase them from a craft store or online.
Cut the birch twigs to the desired length. You can make your besom as large or small as you like, but aim for a length of around 2-3 feet.
Tie the birch twigs together using twine or string. Start at the bottom of the twigs and work your way up, binding them together tightly.
Cut the willow or hazel branches to the desired length for the handle. Aim for a length of around 3-4 feet.
Tie the handle to the bottom of the birch twigs using twine or string. Make sure it is securely attached.
Trim any excess twine or string and shape the besom as desired. You can also add any decorative elements, such as ribbons or crystals, if you like.
Your besom is now ready to use! You can use it for sweeping, cleansing, and any other rituals or practices you choose. Grab Printable Instructions in the Free Member’s Library
Best Types of Wood to Use:
Birch: Birch is a traditional choice for besoms due to its durability and ability to sweep away dirt and debris. It is also believed to have protective and purifying properties.
Willow: Willow is another good choice for the handle of a besom due to its strength and flexibility. It is also believed to have healing and protective properties.
Hazel: Hazel is another strong and flexible wood that can be used for the handle of a besom. It is believed to have protective and divinatory properties.
Other types of wood that can be used for the twigs of a besom include ash, oak, and other types of branches with strong, flexible wood. It is important to choose branches that are straight and without too many knots, as these will be more difficult to work with and may not hold up as well over time. Overall, the most important thing is to choose wood that is strong, durable, and suited to your personal preferences and beliefs.
If you don’t have access to twigs or other natural elements, you can find besom kits online.
Besoms are traditional tools that have a long history of use in rituals and practices related to cleaning, purification, and magick. They are made from birch twigs and a handle of willow or hazel branches, and can be easily made at home with a few basic materials. Whether you use your besom for its traditional purposes or as a decorative item, it can be a meaningful and powerful tool for your personal beliefs and practices.
Recommended Reading
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Goddesses and the Seasons
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Goddesses have been revered in many cultures throughout history, and they are often associated with various aspects of the natural world, including the seasons. Different goddesses are associated with different seasons and holidays, and they can be invoked to symbolize a variety of concepts and ideas. From Brigid associated with spring and the fire element, to Yemaya associated with summer and the water element, the symbolism of goddesses is rich and varied. In this list, we will explore the associations of various goddesses with the wheel of the year and the different seasons.
Brigid - Brigid is a Celtic goddess associated with spring and the fire element. She is often revered as a patroness of poetry, art, and healing. Read about the history of Brigid and Imbolc
Demeter - Demeter is a Greek goddess associated with autumn and the earth element. She is often revered as a patroness of agriculture and the harvest.
Freya - Freya is a Norse goddess associated with summer and the love element. She is often revered as a patroness of fertility and sexuality.
Hestia - Hestia is a Greek goddess associated with winter and the fire element. She is often revered as a patroness of hearth and home.
Ishtar - Ishtar is a Mesopotamian goddess associated with spring and the love element. She is often revered as a patroness of fertility and sexuality.
Kuan Yin - Kuan Yin is a Chinese goddess associated with summer and the water element. She is often revered as a patroness of compassion and mercy.
Persephone - Persephone is a Greek goddess associated with autumn and the underworld. She is often revered as a patroness of death and rebirth.
Rhiannon - Rhiannon is a Celtic goddess associated with winter and the earth element. She is often revered as a patroness of fertility and abundance.
Saraswati - Saraswati is a Hindu goddess associated with spring and the knowledge element. She is often revered as a patroness of education and the arts.
Yemaya - Yemaya is a Yoruban goddess associated with summer and the water element. She is often revered as a patroness of the ocean and fertility.
Each of these goddesses has its own unique associations with the seasons and the wheel of the year. Incorporating these goddesses into celebrations and rituals can be a great way to honor the changing of the seasons and connect with the divine.
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